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Monday, February 20, 2023

梁超:消除“专精特新”企业微观障碍 加速攻克宏观“卡脖子”大问题

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为强化国家战略科技力量,攻克我国关键领域“卡脖子”问题,我国近年来提出了一条创新之路:实施“小巨人”的“专精特新”战略。然而,中小企业本身面临的“卡脖子”问题已成为当前发展“专精特新”的主要难点。具体体现如下:

其一:“人”的问题,优质人才担心创新性质的就业不稳。

“专精特新”中小企业人才要素资源紧缺。我国中小企业普遍存在产业工人多、技术人才少,急用现找多、长期培养少的问题,“特新”使得经营模式不成熟,业务收入不稳定,“一才难求”突出,难以吸引优质人才。

其二:“财”的问题,金融融资难以容忍创新波动。

一方面,创新是风险活动,波动性较强,但“专精特新”中小企业缺少高质量的财务信息披露,无法满足金融机构的融资要求。不少“专精特新”企业因科技属性,“前期亏损大、后续高成长”,资产轻、抵押物少,贷款金额少、申请门槛高,难以获得银行普通信贷以及普惠金融资金支持。另一方面,“专精特新”中小企业缺少对应的股权融资机制,“专新”使得商业模式、产品概念不成熟,行业前景不被大众知晓,难以吸引创投和天使基金,资本市场层次也不完全匹配。

其三:“物”的问题,政府配套措施难解创新之渴。

多数地方政府在确定培育名单后,对名单内的“专精特新”中小企业给予一次性奖补及持续资助,但尚未完善形成实“物”工作量的服务体系。针对中小企业成长的技术革新期、市场扩展期和产品成熟期,分别采取精准服务措施不足。从原材料采购到产品加工再到产品销售的物资“物”流报关体系,从人才的招聘发布到解决企业员工户口再到园区教育医疗设施配套体系,从梳理企业需求到提供管理咨询再到组织行业协会与商会,形成实物工作量的专业服务尚不完善。

截至2022年11月,我国已累计培育8997家专精特新“小巨人”企业、6万多家专精特新中小企业。“专精特新”中小企业的核心竞争力在于创新,专精特新“小巨人”企业往往拥有一定的专利、研发机构、技术研究院、专家工作站以及信息系统等创新要素,具备攻克核心技术的潜力,是我国解决“卡脖子”难题的重要动力。因此,要全面解决“卡脖子”问题,需要先行解决中小企业自身的“卡脖子”问题,才能推动解决整体“卡脖子”的大问题。

笔者的思路如下:

第一,针对“卡脖子”的人才问题,一是做好“招聘前”人才工作,设立“专精特新”中小企业人才培养专项,推进高校毕业生与“专精特新”中小企业对接,为其开设专门的招聘渠道。同时号召企业联合高校实行“双导师”制,推进特色人才培养项目。二是实施“招聘后”人才成长战略,制定合理的人才晋升、绩效薪酬等激励制度,实施以创新为导向的业绩考核,在培育内部人才的同时吸引外部人才。三是注重对“招聘外”的国际人才吸引,完善全球化人才流动机制,建立符合市场化要求的科技人员双向流动制度,畅通人才流通渠道,打破地域限制。

第二,针对“卡脖子”的融资问题,一是破除“融资壁垒”。结合政府的纳税数据、政府补贴数据、水电缴费数据、社保数据,结合企业自有数字系统沉淀的运营数据,搭建信息共享交换平台,提高风险识别和风险监测力度,破除“专精特新”企业与融资机构的信息壁垒,促进双方的项目对接。二是创新“融资工具”。发挥各级各类支持中小企业发展专项资金和基金的融资作用,支持“专精特新”企业与大型企业发展供应链金融;根据企业实物仓单情况,创新仓单质押融资;构建专门针对“专精特新”的权威知识产权价值评估体系,助力企业推进知识产权融资。三是丰富“融资产品”。鼓励运用最新的大数据、人工智能、物联网等技术,建立股权融资、并购贷、股权直投、PE贷、员工股权激励、定增投资、债券发行、可转债投资等多样化资本市场工具和金融产品体系,提高金融产品与企业匹配的精度效度,丰富针对“专精特新”企业的融资产品。

第三,针对“卡脖子”的政府配套问题,一是细化“培育流程”。严格遵循梯度培育体系,从供应链体系通盘考察企业运营情况,定期复核材料,推动区域产业要素集聚。二是组织“市场开拓”。组织“专精特新”中小企业参加中国国际中小企业博览会、APEC中小企业技术交流等国际性展会,重点展示中小企业“专精特新”产品和技术,帮助中小企业开拓国内外市场,吸引国内外市场资源。三是强化“平台建设”。完善配套“新基建”设施,鼓励中介机构、行业协会、产业园区、大学和科研机构等各类社会服务资源,为中小企业“专精特新”发展提供信息咨询、研发设计、管理提升、检验检测、技术转移、投资融资、设备共享等服务,形成产业共性技术研发基地和技术创新服务平台。

总之,从解决具体问题的微观路径出发,利用地方、国家和全球资源,在“卡脖子”的人才问题、融资问题和政府配套问题三方面,构建一套“专精特新”服务体系,才可能在国家战略层面实现“专精特新”宏观战略,构建“二十大”要求的高质量发展格局。

 

作者|梁超 中欧国际工商学院运营管理学副教授

来源|每日经济新闻

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